3,465 research outputs found
An Algebraic-Coding Equivalence to the Maximum Distance Separable Conjecture
We formulate an Algebraic-Coding Equivalence to the Maximum Distance
Separable Conjecture. Specifically, we present novel proofs of the following
equivalent statements. Let be a fixed pair of integers satisfying
is a prime power and . We denote by the vector
space of functions from a finite field to itself, which can be
represented as the space of
polynomial functions. We denote by the
set of polynomials that are either the zero polynomial, or have at most
distinct roots in . Given two subspaces of ,
we denote by their span. We prove that the following are
equivalent.
[A] Suppose that either: 1. is odd 2. is even and .
Then there do not exist distinct subspaces and of
such that:
3. 4. . 5. 6. 7.
.
[B] Suppose is odd, or, if is even, . There is
no integer with such that the Reed-Solomon code
over of dimension can have columns
added to it, such that:
8. Any submatrix of containing
the first columns of is independent. 9. is independent.
[C] The MDS conjecture is true for the given .Comment: This is version: 5.6.18. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap
with arXiv:1611.0235
MARKET CONDUCT UNDER GOVERNMENT PRICE INTERVENTION IN THE U.S. DAIRY INDUSTRY
The degree of market power exercised by fluid and manufactured processors in the U.S. dairy industry is estimated. AppelbaumÂ’'s quantity-setting conjectural variation approach is cast into a switching regime framework to account for the two market regimes created by the existence of the dairy price support program: (a) government supported regime (market price is at the support price) and (b) market equilibrium regime (market price is above the support price). The model is also used to test whether government price intervention has a pro-competitive to anti-competitive influence on market conduct.Agricultural and Food Policy,
Subnanosecond Fluctuations in Low-Barrier Nanomagnets
Fast magnetic fluctuations due to thermal torques have useful technological
functionality ranging from cryptography to probabilistic computing. The
characteristic time of fluctuations in typical uniaxial anisotropy magnets
studied so far is bounded from below by the well-known energy relaxation
mechanism. This time scales as , where parameterizes the
strength of dissipative processes. Here, we theoretically analyze the
fluctuating dynamics in easy-plane and antiferromagnetically coupled
nanomagnets. We find in such magnets, the dynamics are strongly influenced by
fluctuating intrinsic fields, which give rise to an additional dephasing-type
mechanism for washing out correlations. In particular, we establish two time
scales for characterizing fluctuations (i) the average time for a nanomagnet to
reverse|which for the experimentally relevant regime of low damping is governed
primarily by dephasing and becomes independent of , (ii) the time scale
for memory loss of a single nanomagnet|which scales as and is
governed by a combination of energy dissipation and dephasing mechanism. For
typical experimentally accessible values of intrinsic fields, the resultant
thermal-fluctuation rate is increased by multiple orders of magnitude when
compared with the bound set solely by the energy relaxation mechanism in
uniaxial magnets. This could lead to higher operating speeds of emerging
devices exploiting magnetic fluctuations
The Validity of Evaluation Results: Assessing Concurrence Across Compositionality Benchmarks
NLP models have progressed drastically in recent years, according to numerous
datasets proposed to evaluate performance. Questions remain, however, about how
particular dataset design choices may impact the conclusions we draw about
model capabilities. In this work, we investigate this question in the domain of
compositional generalization. We examine the performance of six modeling
approaches across 4 datasets, split according to 8 compositional splitting
strategies, ranking models by 18 compositional generalization splits in total.
Our results show that: i) the datasets, although all designed to evaluate
compositional generalization, rank modeling approaches differently; ii)
datasets generated by humans align better with each other than they with
synthetic datasets, or than synthetic datasets among themselves; iii)
generally, whether datasets are sampled from the same source is more predictive
of the resulting model ranking than whether they maintain the same
interpretation of compositionality; and iv) which lexical items are used in the
data can strongly impact conclusions. Overall, our results demonstrate that
much work remains to be done when it comes to assessing whether popular
evaluation datasets measure what they intend to measure, and suggest that
elucidating more rigorous standards for establishing the validity of evaluation
sets could benefit the field.Comment: CoNLL202
Breaking Barriers: Diversity and Equity in Chemistry
This book is being made available in both PDF and ePub formats for the convenience of the reader.The field of chemistry has long been associated with the pursuit of objective facts and the uncovering of the building blocks of our universe. However, this view can often exclude the important role that diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) play in the advancement of scientific knowledge. By highlighting the contributions of minority chemists and integrating DEI principles into chemistry education, we can promote a more inclusive environment and foster greater understanding of the complex connections between chemistry and society.
In the first section, we provide a biography of each chemist, discussing their personal and professional lives and how their minority identity has interacted with their careers. The second section summarizes their research and accomplishments in the field of chemistry, emphasizing the importance of their work and the implications it has had on the broader scientific community. Finally, the third section explores how their research is related to the topics and contents taught in general chemistry, creating a connection between the material students learn in the classroom and the real-world applications of chemistry.
In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the need to incorporate DEI into STEM education, and chemistry is no exception. Despite this, there remains a scarcity of learning materials that directly introduce diversity and equality in chemistry education. As a result, students may view chemistry as an isolated discipline that is removed from the broader community.
This book aims to challenge that perception by introducing readers to minority chemists, their research, and the ways in which their work is related to topics taught in general chemistry courses. By exploring the lives and research of chemists who come from diverse backgrounds, we hope to showcase the importance of diverse perspectives in the advancement of the field and inspire a new generation of scientists who embrace and promote DEI in their own work. Each chapter of this book is divided into three main sections, highlighting the personal and professional lives of these extraordinary individuals and demonstrating the impact their work has had on the field
Experimental quantum key distribution with source flaws
Decoy-state quantum key distribution (QKD) is a standard technique in current
quantum cryptographic implementations. Unfortunately, existing experiments have
two important drawbacks: the state preparation is assumed to be perfect without
errors and the employed security proofs do not fully consider the finite-key
effects for general attacks. These two drawbacks mean that existing experiments
are not guaranteed to be secure in practice. Here, we perform an experiment
that for the first time shows secure QKD with imperfect state preparations over
long distances and achieves rigorous finite-key security bounds for decoy-state
QKD against coherent attacks in the universally composable framework. We
quantify the source flaws experimentally and demonstrate a QKD implementation
that is tolerant to channel loss despite the source flaws. Our implementation
considers more real-world problems than most previous experiments and our
theory can be applied to general QKD systems. These features constitute a step
towards secure QKD with imperfect devices.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, updated experiment and theor
The reciprocal relationship among Chinese senior secondary students’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and cognitive engagement in learning mathematics : A three-wave longitudinal study
In the present longitudinal study, cross-lagged path models were applied to investigate the potential reciprocal relationships between senior secondary school students’ motivation and their cognitive engagement, using data from 623 Chinese senior secondary school students across 2 years. The 623 students completed self-reported measures of motivation and engagement at three time points within 2 years. The results suggest that the participants held a mixed type of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to learn mathematics and did not hold a deep level of cognitive engagement in mathematics learning. Compared with their extrinisic motivation, their intrinsic motivation to learn mathematics was more closely related to their cognitive engagement in mathematics learning, which points to a stronger reciprocal effect between their cognitive engagement and intrinsic motivation. The findings suggest that societal and cultural factors, such as the strong examination culture and high external expectations might be influential factors affecting the reciprocal relationships among students’ motivation and cognitive engagement
CT virtual endoscopy and 3D stereoscopic visualisation in the evaluation of coronary stenting
The aim of this case report is to present the additional value provided by CT virtual endoscopy and 3D stereoscopic visualisation when compared with 2D visualisations in the assessment of coronary stenting. A 64-year old patient was treated with left coronary stenting 8 years ago and recently followed up with multidetector row CT angiography. An in-stent restenosis of the left coronary artery was suspected based on 2D axial and multiplanar reformatted images. 3D virtual endoscopy was generated to demonstrate the smooth intraluminal surface of coronary artery wall, and there was no evidence of restenosis or intraluminal irregularity. Virtual fly-through of the coronary artery was produced to examine the entire length of the coronary artery with the aim of demonstrating the intraluminal changes following placement of the coronary stent. In addition, stereoscopic views were generated to show the relationship between coronary artery branches and the coronary stent. In comparison with traditional 2D visualisations, virtual endoscopy was useful for assessment of the intraluminal appearance of the coronary artery wall following coronary stent implantation, while stereoscopic visualisation improved observers’ understanding of the complex cardiac structures. Thus, both methods could be used as a complementary tool in cardiac imaging
A Higher-Order Calculation of Scattering in Cut-Off Effective Field Theory
We report a next-to-leading-order (NLO) chiral perturbation theory
calculation of the neutron-proton scattering cross section in the
channel using a cut-off regularization. The inclusion of two-pion exchanges in
the irreducible diagrams -- or potential -- figuring at NLO is found to be
important in enlarging the domain of validity of the effective field theory. We
are able to reproduce the {\it empirical} scattering phase shift up to p=300
MeV -- which is comparable to the cutoff scale involved -- with an agreement
which is superior to results of other effective field theory approaches. We
also discuss the role of the cutoff as a renormalization prescription and the
importance of the explicit pion degree of freedom in scattering process.Comment: Substantial changes made in texts and Fig.2. To appear in Phys. Lett.
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